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A carbon–oxygen bond is a polar covalent bond between atoms of carbon and oxygen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] : 16–22 Carbon–oxygen bonds are found in many inorganic compounds such as carbon oxides and oxohalides , carbonates and metal carbonyls , [ 4 ] and in organic compounds such as alcohols , ethers , and carbonyl compounds .
Bond length: C=O 116.21 pm (1.1621 Å) [3] Bond angle: O–C–O: 180° , [3] decreasing to as low as 163° at higher temperature and/or pressure [4] Magnetic susceptibility: −0.49×10^−6 cm^3/mol Surface tension: 4.34 dyn/cm at 20 °C and equilibrium pressure Viscosity [5] of liquid at equilibrium pressure 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C 0.0852 mPa ...
The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon–oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls. [19]
It is generally considered the average length for a carbon–carbon single bond, but is also the largest bond length that exists for ordinary carbon covalent bonds. Since one atomic unit of length (i.e., a Bohr radius) is 52.9177 pm, the C–C bond length is 2.91 atomic units, or approximately three Bohr radii long.
Space-filling model of the carbonate ion. The carbonate ion has a trigonal planar structure, point group D 3h. The three C-O bonds have the same length of 136 pm and the 3 O-C-O angles are 120°. The carbon atom has 4 pairs of valence electrons, which shows that the molecule obeys the octet rule.
The Lewis structure of the carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom. This structure is incompatible with the observed symmetry of the ion, which implies that the three bonds are the same length and that the three oxygen atoms are equivalent.
The distance between the oxygen atoms that are not attached to carbon is 1.406 Å, whereas the distance between one of these atoms and an oxygen attached to carbon is 1.457 Å. The carbon oxygen bond length is 1.376 Å. The double carbon to oxygen bond is the shortest at 1.180 Å.
Carbon suboxide spontaneously polymerizes at room temperature into a carbon-oxygen polymer, with 3:2 carbon:oxygen atomic ratio. The polymer is believed to be a linear chain of fused six-membered lactone rings, with a continuous carbon backbone of alternating single and double bonds. Physical measurements indicate that the mean number of units ...