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Throughout the world, images of the cross adorn the walls and steeples of churches. For some Christians, the cross is part of their daily attire worn around their necks. Sometimes the cross even adorns the body of a Christian in permanent ink. In Egypt, among other countries, for example, Christians wear a tattoo of the cross on their wrists.
All three of these ancient crucifixion images shed light on the reality of Roman crucifixion in practice and share a few features in common: The crosses are in the shape of a capital tau, or Greek letter T; the Puteoli graffito and the gemstone seem to depict figures who have been whipped or flayed; all three figures appear to be nude, perhaps explaining why at least two of them are shown from ...
The text was found inscribed on a piece of parchment excavated a hundred years ago at the site of ancient Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. Dating to the sixth or seventh century and measuring about 2 1/3 by 4 1/3 inches, the scrap—first published in 1911 (as P. Oxy. 8.1077)—is a Christian amulet (see image below). Relying on the healing powers of a ...
The excavator of the crucified man, Vassilios Tzaferis, followed the analysis of Nico Haas of Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School in Jerusalem suggesting Roman crucifixion methods: a contorted position: arms nailed to the crossbeam; legs bent, twisted to one side, and held in place by a single nail that passed through a wooden plaque ...
In “ The Staurogram: Earliest Depiction of Jesus’ Crucifixion ” in the March/April 2013 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Larry Hurtado highlights an early Christian crucifixion symbol that sets the date back by 150–200 years. Larry Hurtado describes how a symbol known as a staurogram is created out of the Greek letters tau-rho ...
Alongside the use of Biblical passages, numerous amulets include other idioms and symbols associated with early Christianity, including crosses, references to and stories about Jesus, and creeds. 18 In addition to the Christian canon and its reception during late antiquity, therefore, amulets also offer precious insight into a wide range of ...
Accounts of the suppression of the revolt of Spartacus in 71 B.C. tell how the Roman army lined the road from Capua to Rome with 6,000 crucified rebels on 6,000 crosses. After the Romans quelled the relatively minor rebellion in Judea in 7 A.D. triggered by the death of King Herod, Quintilius Varus, the Roman Legate of Syria, crucified 2,000 ...
As discussed by Kritikakou-Nikolaropoulou, more than 400 Christian tombstones have been discovered in Zoora, almost all of which are inscribed in Greek. The gravestone epitaphs of the Christians of Zoora typically include several lines of incised text that give the name of the deceased, their age, followed by the exact date of death.
Hippos-Sussita fell under control of the first Islamic caliphate of the Umayyad dynasty from the mid-seventh century C.E. until the site was destroyed by an earthquake in 749 and subsequently abandoned. The cross on the Byzantine weight had intentionally been obscured to ensure that the weight could be used even under the new administration.
Miracles, after all, were a long-accepted proof of Yahweh’s power. Though it may have been an embarrassment to the philosophizing Christian elites, miracles and everyday religiosity were able to win over ordinary Jews and polytheists alike. Magic and miracles proved to be central for convincing common people to accept the new religion.