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The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
Two RNA genomes are encapsidated in each HIV-1 particle (see Structure and genome of HIV). Upon infection and replication catalyzed by reverse transcriptase, recombination between the two genomes can occur. [80] [81] Recombination occurs as the single-strand, positive-sense RNA genomes are reverse transcribed to form DNA. During reverse ...
Reverse transcriptase is the virally encoded RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The enzyme uses the viral RNA genome as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA copy. Reverse transcriptase possesses [RNase H] activity for destruction of the RNA-template. Integrase binds both the viral cDNA generated by reverse transcriptase and the host DNA.
PDBsum. structure summary. Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates (forms covalent links between) its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects. [1] Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases (recombinases) used in biotechnology, such as λ phage integrase ...
A 3D representation that includes the retroviral psi packaging element. This is a solution RNA structure model of the HIV-1 dimerization initiation site in the kissing-loop dimer. [7] In HIV, the psi element is around 80–150 nucleotides in length, and located at the 5' end of the genome just upstream of the gag initiation codon. [8]
Reverse transcriptase. Crystallographic structure of HIV -1 reverse transcriptase where the two subunits p51 and p66 are colored and the active sites of polymerase and nuclease are highlighted. [1] A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.
The rev response element (RRE) is a 240 base-pair sequence located in the second intron of the HIV-1 genome, immediately downstream of the env gene. [18] The RRE remains functional if translocated, but needs to remain in the same orientation (cannot be inverted). The RRE is retained by incompletely processed mRNA transcripts.
HIV-1 protease or PR is a retroviral aspartyl protease (retropepsin), an enzyme involved with peptide bond hydrolysis in retroviruses, that is essential for the life-cycle of HIV, the retrovirus that causes AIDS. [1][2] HIV-1 PR cleaves newly synthesized polyproteins (namely, Gag and Gag- Pol [3]) at nine cleavage sites to create the mature ...