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The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. [1] The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants.
The Billboard Indonesia Top 100 was the standard record chart in Indonesia for Indonesian language and/or English-Indonesian language songs, compiled independently in collaboration with ASIRI, with Andhika Septian as the head of this project who also developed its data scoring methodology, published weekly by Billboard Indonesia.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters .
120 Koleksi Lagu Wajib Nasional INDONESIA. Lembar Langit Indonesia. Sugesti, Murlina (2014). Koleksi Terlengkap Lagu Wajib Nasional. Lembar Langit Indonesia. ISBN 9780901388728. Abassy, Djamaludin (2011). Lagu-Lagu Wajib Nasional. Lembar Langit Indonesia. ISMN 9790801882011.
Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. [3] At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4]
This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei and Singapore, "Malaysian" of Malaysia, and Indonesian the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste.
Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling , Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling .
Before the standardization of the language, many Indonesian words follow standard Dutch alphabet and pronunciation such as "oe" for vowel "u" or "dj" for consonant "j" [dʒ]. As a result, Malay words are written with that orthography such as: passer for the word Pasar or djalan for the word jalan , older Indonesian generation tend to have their ...