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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Modular multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse

    The linear congruence 4x5 (mod 10) has no solutions since the integers that are congruent to 5 (i.e., those in ¯) are all odd while 4x is always even. However, the linear congruence 4x6 (mod 10) has two solutions, namely, x = 4 and x = 9. The gcd(4, 10) = 2 and 2 does not divide 5, but does divide 6.

  4. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0. Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands.

  5. Multiplicative order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

    The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...

  6. Montgomery modular multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_modular...

    The Montgomery forms of 7 and 15 are 70 mod 17 = 2 and 150 mod 17 = 14, respectively. Their product 28 is the input T to REDC, and since 28 < RN = 170, the assumptions of REDC are satisfied. To run REDC, set m to (28 mod 10) ⋅ 7 mod 10 = 196 mod 10 = 6. Then 28 + 6 ⋅ 17 = 130, so t = 13.

  7. Quadratic residue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue

    The quadratic excess E ( p) is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0, p /2) minus the number in the range ( p /2, p) (sequence A178153 in the OEIS ). For p congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under r ↔ p − r.

  8. Method of successive substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_successive...

    3+4j ≡ 5 (mod 6) since we are looking for a solution to both equations. Subtract 3 from both sides (this is permitted in modular arithmetic) 4j ≡ 2 (mod 6) We simplify by dividing by the greatest common divisor of 4,2 and 6. Division by 2 yields: 2j ≡ 1 (mod 3) The Euclidean modular multiplicative inverse of 2 mod 3 is 2. After ...

  9. Ford Modular engine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Modular_engine

    The firing order has been changed from that shared by all previous Modular V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8) to that of the Ford Flathead V8 (1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2). [17] Compression ratio is 11.0:1, and despite having port fuel injection (as opposed to direct injection ) the engine can still be run on 87 octane gasoline.