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Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit (the peppercorn), which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe (stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a stone which encloses a single pepper seed.
The International Pepper Exchange is an organisation headquartered in Kochi, India, that deals with the global trade of black pepper. [1] The exchange, established in 1997, [ 2 ] has been described as the world's only international pepper exchange.
Black cardamom: Very earthy and darkly aromatic. Often used in North Indian curries. Used as a tempering spice. (Hindi: Badi Elaichi बड़ी इलाइची) Black peppercorns: Pepper may be used whole or ground in Indian cuisines. The largest producer is the southern Indian state of Kerala. Used as a tempering spice.
There is a record from Tamil texts of Greeks purchasing large sacks of black pepper from India, and many recipes in the 1st-century Roman cookbook Apicius make use of the spice. The trade in spices lessened after the fall of the Roman Empire, but demand for ginger, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg revived the trade in later centuries. [19]
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Malabar pepper is a variety of black pepper from the Malabar region of the present day of the Indian state of Kerala. It originated as a chance seedling in the region and was one of the spices traded with Roman and Arab traders, and later with European navigators. [ 1 ]
By 3000 BCE, turmeric, cardamom, black pepper and mustard were harvested in India. From Around 2350 BCE the evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur in Mesopotamia have been found, as well as Clove heads which are thought to originate from the Moluccas in Maritime Southeast Asia were found in a 2nd millennium BC site in Terqa.
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