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Anti-authoritarianism also became associated with countercultural and bohemian movements such as the Beat Generation in the 1950s, [142] the hippies in the 1960s [143] and punks in the 1970s. [144] In South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Chile and Uruguay moved away from dictatorships to democracy between 1982 and 1990. [145]
According to David Easton, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society". [6] Political system refers broadly to the process by which laws are made and public resources allocated in a society, and to the relationships among those involved in making these decisions.
Scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism. [5] [2] [6] The ancient Greek philosopher Plato discusses in the Republic five types of regimes: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. [7] The question raised by Plato in the Republic: What kind of state is best? Generational ...
Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of Juan Linz in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. [81] The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by Gordon Tullock in 1974 through applied public choice ...
A direct democracy, or pure democracy, is a type of democracy where the people govern directly, by voting on laws and policies. It requires wide participation of citizens in politics. [ 4 ] Athenian democracy , or classical democracy, refers to a direct democracy developed in ancient times in the Greek city-state of Athens.
While Biden views the world as a contest between democracy and authoritarianism, Harris, a former prosecutor, sees it through the prism of rules and norms: a fight between those who uphold the ...
Democracy is an obstacle to this suppression of freedom which the centralized direction of economic activity requires. Hence arises the clash between planning and democracy". [43] Hayek argued that both fascism and socialism are based in central economic planning and value the state over the individual.
Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that it becomes unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock, and is regarded as the only available system of government within a country.