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With the addition of vast new, agriculturally rich territories, including California, the debate over slavery intensified dramatically. California itself was divided over the issue, as a large number of slave-owning Southerners had travelled to California to seek their fortunes [17] in the 1849 Gold Rush, and many brought their slaves. [9]
Supporters argued that "Proposition 6 ends slavery in California and upholds human rights and dignity for everyone. It replaces carceral involuntary servitude with voluntary work programs, has bipartisan support, and aligns with national efforts to reform the 13th Amendment .
As a legal historian of slavery, I know that there’s more to understanding the failure of Prop 6 than we might think, and certainly more than racism alone can explain.
As part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted as a free state without a slave state being admitted; California's admission also meant there would be no slave state on the Pacific coast. To avoid creating a free state majority in the Senate, California agreed to send one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery senator to Congress.
The federal prohibition of slavery started as a presidential proclamation that was eventually expanded by ratification of the 13th Amendment, which also contains language allowing involuntary ...
Although California before the Civil War was officially a free state, Mitchell listed legal and judicial steps state officials took at the time to support slavery in Southern states while ...
In its annual report for 2018, the National Human Trafficking Hotline claims that there were 790 cases of human trafficking in California, which is the highest among all states, with sex trafficking being the leading form of trafficking. [28] Of sex trafficking victims in California, 76.3% were females, 3.9% were males and 26.9% were minors.
Racial hierarchy continued to take root in California when slavery was abolished federally by the 13th Amendment in 1865. The task force's findings detail the lasting consequences of segregation ...