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  2. Neurogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis

    Most of these adult neural stem cells lie dormant in the adult, but in response to certain signals, these dormant cells, or B cells, go through a series of stages, first producing proliferating cells, or C cells. The C cells then produce neuroblasts, or A cells, that will become neurons. [16]

  3. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway

    Grafting these cells into different parts of rats generates motor neurons regardless of the transplanted cells' microenvironment. [5] Following injury, neural stem cells enter a repair phase and express high levels of PI3K to enhance proliferation. This is better for survival of the neurons as a whole but is at the expense of generating motor ...

  4. Adult neurogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_neurogenesis

    A cephalopod also known as the common octopus, this organism has an intricate nervous system that demonstrates the brain's capacity to produce new cells. In this case and in other taxa when compared, these organisms adapt to unpredictable environments by using newly formed brain cells. [35]

  5. Optogenetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics

    Optogenetic techniques have also been introduced to map the functional connectivity of the brain. [10] [11] By altering the activity of genetically labelled neurons with light and by using imaging and electrophysiology techniques to record the activity of other cells, researchers can identify the statistical dependencies between cells and brain ...

  6. Neural stem cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell

    Some neural progenitor stem cells persist in highly restricted regions in the adult vertebrate brain and continue to produce neurons throughout life. Differences in the size of the central nervous system are among the most important distinctions between the species and thus mutations in the genes that regulate the size of the neural stem cell ...

  7. Development of the nervous system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous...

    Neuronal precursor cells proliferate in the ventricular zone of the developing neocortex, where the principal neural stem cell is the radial glial cell. The first postmitotic cells must leave the stem cell niche and migrate outward to form the preplate, which is destined to become Cajal–Retzius cells and subplate neurons. These cells do so by ...

  8. Locus coeruleus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus

    The locus coeruleus is the major source of noradrenergic innervation in the brain and sends widespread connections to rostral (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus) and caudal (cerebellum, brainstem nuclei) brain areas [22] and. [23] Indeed, an alteration of this structure could contribute to several symptoms observed in MECP2-deficient mice.

  9. cAMP-dependent pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway

    Many different cell responses are mediated by cAMP; these include increase in heart rate, cortisol secretion, and breakdown of glycogen and fat. cAMP is essential for the maintenance of memory in the brain, relaxation in the heart, and water absorbed in the kidney. [14] This pathway can activate enzymes and regulate gene expression. The ...

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