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Chlordiazepoxide is generally considered an inappropriate benzodiazepine for the elderly due to its long elimination half-life and the risks of accumulation. [10] Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, pregnancy, children, alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. [11]
Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic and antiemetic drug which is classed as a "major" tranquilizer, may cause paradoxical effects such as agitation, hallucinations, excitement, insomnia, bizarre dreams, aggravation of psychotic symptoms and toxic confusional states. [8] These may be more common in elderly dementia patients.
As is typical of opioids, common side effects include constipation, itchiness, and nausea. [12] Serious side effects may include hallucinations, seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction. [12] A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems. [12]
Synthetic drugs refer to substances that are artificially modified from naturally-occurring drugs and are capable of exhibiting both therapeutic and psychoactive effects. In the medical setting, synthetic drugs possess psychotropic effects which can cure insomnia. Since there are limited clinical trials and human studies, the pharmacology and ...
[22] [162] [163] The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines, and poisoning may even occur from their long-term use. [164] The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity; temazepam appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs.
It is also a precursor for many drugs including heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine), hydromorphone (dihydromorphinone), and oxymorphone (14-hydroxydihydromorphinone). [110] Most semi-synthetic opioids, both of the morphine and codeine subgroups, are created by modifying one or more of the following: [citation needed]
[44] [45] Less common side effects (experienced by less than 5% of patients) include loss of appetite, nervousness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urinary retention, dyspnea, and hiccups. [46] Most side effects generally become less intense over time, although issues related to constipation are likely to continue for the duration of use. [47]
[2] [3] Elderly patients are often prescribed more than one drug within the same drug class, and doctors may treat the side effects of prescribed drugs with even more drugs, which can overwhelm the patient. [4]