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The text's original language was likely Sanskrit. Though the text is now known as Panchatantra, the title found in old manuscript versions varies regionally, and includes names such as Tantrakhyayika, Panchakhyanaka, Panchakhyana and Tantropakhyana. The suffix akhyayika and akhyanaka mean "little story" or "little story book" in Sanskrit. [23]
The book is based on the c. 200 BC Sanskrit text Panchatantra. It was translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century by Borzuya. [1] [2] [3] It was subsequently translated into Arabic in the eighth century by the Persian Ibn al-Muqaffa'. [4] King Vakhtang VI of Kartli made a translation from Persian to Georgian in the 18th century. [5]
The Panchatantra is an ancient Sanskrit collection of stories, probably first composed around 300 CE (give or take a century or two), [1] though some of its component stories may be much older. The original text is not extant, but the work has been widely revised and translated such that there exist "over 200 versions in more than 50 languages."
Calila e Dimna is an Old Castilian collection of tales from 1251, translated from the Arabic text Kalila wa-Dimna by the order of the future King Alfonso X while he was still a prince. The Arabic text is itself an 8th-century translation by Ibn al-Muqaffa' of a Middle Persian version of the Sanskrit Panchatantra from about 2nd-century BCE. [1]
Both his translation and the original Sanskrit version he worked from are lost. Before their loss, however, his Pahlavi version was translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa under the title of Kalila wa-Dimna or The Fables of Bidpai and became the greatest prose of Classical Arabic. The book contains fables in which animals interact in complex ...
Panchatantra is one of the most widely translated non-religious books in history. The Panchatantra was translated into Middle Persian/Pahlavi in 570 CE by Borzūya and into Arabic in 750 CE by Persian scholar Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa as Kalīlah wa Dimnah (Arabic: كليلة و دمنة).
The Panchatantra and various tales from Jatakas were first translated into Persian by Borzūya in 570 CE; [28] they were later translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa in 750 CE. [29] The Arabic version was translated into several languages, including Syriac, Greek, Hebrew and Spanish.
Furthermore the original Sanskrit version is LOST as is ALSO the first translated version into Pehlevi (or old Persian). The Syriac translation of 570 AD (two removed from the original lost Sanskrit 'Panchatantra') according to Keith-Falconer¹ (a 19 Cent Cambridge Syriac scholar) refelects the Pehlevi "perhaps more perfectly than in the Arabic".