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UTF-8 byte order mark, commonly seen in text files. [28] [29] [30] FF FE: ÿþ: 0 txt others: UTF-16LE byte order mark, commonly seen in text files. [28] [29] [30] FE FF: þÿ: 0 txt others: UTF-16BE byte order mark, commonly seen in text files. [28] [29] [30] FF FE 00 00: ÿþ␀␀ 0 txt others: UTF-32LE byte order mark for text [28] [30] 00 ...
If we wish to find the number of 1 bits in a bit array, sometimes called the population count or Hamming weight, there are efficient branch-free algorithms that can compute the number of bits in a word using a series of simple bit operations. We simply run such an algorithm on each word and keep a running total. Counting zeros is similar.
To encode some bytes, first append a zero byte, then break them into groups of either 254 non-zero bytes, or 0–253 non-zero bytes followed by a zero byte. Because of the appended zero byte, this is always possible. Encode each group by deleting the trailing zero byte (if any) and prepending the number of non-zero bytes, plus one.
XML is supported as a native type. Each type is denoted by a single byte preceding the actual data. The values of that byte are as below (for AMF0): Number - 0x00 (Encoded as IEEE 64-bit double-precision floating point number) Boolean - 0x01 (Encoded as a single byte of value 0x00 or 0x01) String - 0x02 (16-bit integer string length with UTF-8 ...
Each sequence begins with a one-byte token that is broken into two 4-bit fields. The first field represents the number of literal bytes that are to be copied to the output. The second field represents the number of bytes to copy from the already decoded output buffer (with 0 representing the minimum match length of 4 bytes).
56 bits (7 bytes) – cipher strength of the DES encryption standard 2 6: 64 bits (8 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values – size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number – equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-RISC, Alpha, Itanium, SPARC, x86-64 PCs and ...
For unsigned integers, the bitwise complement of a number is the "mirror reflection" of the number across the half-way point of the unsigned integer's range. For example, for 8-bit unsigned integers, NOT x = 255 - x , which can be visualized on a graph as a downward line that effectively "flips" an increasing range from 0 to 255, to a ...
In figure C above, when an argument larger than 11 bytes is supplied on the command line foo() overwrites local stack data, the saved frame pointer, and most importantly, the return address. When foo() returns, it pops the return address off the stack and jumps to that address (i.e. starts executing instructions from that address).