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The size of the load factor is based on the probability of exceeding any specified design load. Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings ...
A load case is a combination of different types of loads with safety factors applied to them. A structure is checked for strength and serviceability against all the load cases it is likely to experience during its lifetime. Typical load cases for design for strength (ultimate load cases; ULS) are: 1.2 x Dead Load + 1.6 x Live Load
These calculations are performed for a series of load combinations applied to the structure, as specified by the relevant design code. The following tables show some example load combinations from different codes. (Note that it is important to ensure that the design factors and load cases used in a design are consistently applied from a single ...
In determining the specific magnitude of the factors, more deterministic loads (like dead loads, the weight of the structure and permanent attachments like walls, floor treatments, ceiling finishes) are given lower factors (for example 1.4) than highly variable loads like earthquake, wind, or live (occupancy) loads (1.6).
L = live load due to occupancy, L r = roof live load, S = snow load, R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice, exclusive of the ponding contribution, T = self straining load, W = wind load, W i = wind on ice.. Special Provisions exist for accounting flood loads and atmospheric loads i.e. D i and W i
In the context to structural analysis, a structure refers to a body or system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples related to Civil Engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures are important.
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