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The norm of reciprocity has positive and negative aspects. A positive norm of reciprocity is "the embedded obligations created by exchanges of benefits or favours among individuals. The recipient feels indebted to the favour or benefit giver until he/she repays". [6]
In social psychology, reciprocity is a social norm of responding to an action executed by another person with a similar or equivalent action. This typically results in rewarding positive actions and punishing negative ones. [ 1 ]
The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others with similar benevolence of their own, and responding to harmful, hurtful acts from others with either indifference or some form of retaliation.
Taken altogether, the Platinum Rule represents a gesture of kindness, and is an established norm in various industries, such as marketing, medical care, motivational speaking, and many others. [100] As a consequence, some argue the Golden Rule is outdated, self-absorbed, and grossly fails to consider the needs of others.
The economic model of reciprocal altruism includes direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity. Direct reciprocity is an immediate collaborative exchange that benefits everyone. Direct reciprocity was introduced by Robert Trivers [2] as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. The direct reciprocal is typically one-for-one: I incur the ...
One social actor provides value to another one and the other reciprocates. There are three different types of reciprocity: [46] Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges; Reciprocity as a folk belief; Reciprocity as a moral norm; A generalized exchange involves indirect reciprocity between three or more individuals. [47]
Open reciprocity "keeps no accounts because it implies a relation of permanent mutual commitment." This open reciprocity is closed off precisely when it is balanced. Throught this method, we can see the relationship as a matter of degree, more or less open or closed. Closed reciprocity of gifts is most like market exchange.
Reciprocity (electromagnetism), theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism; Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocity theorem as it relates to current and voltage in electrical networks; Reciprocity (network science), measures the tendency of vertex pairs to form mutual connections between each other