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An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th century collection of Persian ghazals. The ghazal (Urdu: غزل, Persian: غزل) is a form of poetry consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain, with both lines of the opening couplet and the second line of each subsequent couplet adhering to the same meter.
Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in Delhi and Lucknow. Since the partition of India in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of Karachi. [133] [173] Deccani, an older form used in southern India, became a court language of the Deccan sultanates by the 16th ...
A demo of tabla playing. A tabla [nb 1] is a pair of hand drums from the Indian subcontinent.Since the 18th century, it has been the principal percussion instrument in Hindustani classical music, [3] where it may be played solo, as an accompaniment with other instruments and vocals, or as a part of larger ensembles.
Khyal or Khayal (ख़याल / خیال) is a major form of Hindustani classical music in the Indian subcontinent. Its name comes from a Persian / Arabic word meaning "imagination". [ 1 ] Khyal is associated with romantic poetry, and allows the performer greater freedom of expression than dhrupad and is sung with the tabla instead of the ...
Amir Khusrau, a 13th-century Urdu poet. As Hindavi began to evolve into a literary language in the 18th century, the new term Rekhta carried over to describe this language. It denoted the Persianized, "high" form of Hindavi used in poetry, as opposed to the speech of the common population. The word was used alongside names like Urdu and Hindi.
The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching from Tanjore in the south to Andhra Pradesh in the north was known as the Carnatic region during 17th and 18th centuries. The Carnatic war in which Robert Clive annexed Trichirapali is relevant. The music that prevailed in this region during the 18th century onwards was known as Carnatic music.
The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian: Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla ('language of the court') or Zabān-e Urdū (زبان اردو, 'language of the camp').
By the early nineteenth century, the Persian language was gradually replaced by Urdu as the vernacular to serve as the administrative language in a growing colonial bureaucracy. [13] In 1803, Gilchrist inducted other writers into the college, who helped make rapid strides in Hindi language and literature.