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  2. Multiple-effect distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-effect_distillation

    The first and last stages need external heating and cooling respectively. The amount of heat removed from the last stage must nearly equal the amount of heat supplied to the first stage. For sea water desalination, even the first and warmest stage is typically operated at a temperature below 70-75 °C, to avoid scale formation. [3]

  3. Desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination

    A process employing electrokinetic shock waves can be used to accomplish membraneless desalination at ambient temperature and pressure. [162] In this process, anions and cations in salt water are exchanged for carbonate anions and calcium cations, respectively using electrokinetic shockwaves.

  4. Multi-stage flash distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation

    The total evaporation in all the stages is up to approximately 85% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. With increasing temperature there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 110-120 °C appears to be a maximum, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C. [4]

  5. Low-temperature distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature_distillation

    Also, the effluent of existing sea water desalination plants can be treated further in a low temperature distillation to maximise the dewatering capacity of a desalination system. Low temperature distillation can accommodate variations in the plant load, running efficiently from 50 – 100% of plant design capacity depending on the available ...

  6. Vapor-compression desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_desalination

    The first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at manometric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated ejectocompression or thermocompression. Using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases.

  7. Low-temperature thermal desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature_thermal...

    The plant uses deep sea water at a temperature of 7 to 15 °C (45 to 59 °F). [3] In 2007, NIOT opened an experimental floating LTTD plant off the coast of Chennai with a capacity of 1,000,000 litres (220,000 imp gal; 260,000 US gal)/day.

  8. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Sea-water RO (SWRO) desalination requires around 3 kWh/m 3, much higher than those required for other forms of water supply, including RO treatment of wastewater, at 0.1 to 1 kWh/m 3. Up to 50% of the seawater input can be recovered as fresh water, though lower recovery rates may reduce membrane fouling and energy consumption.

  9. Multiple-effect humidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-effect_humidification

    Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water. It uses multiple evaporation–condensation cycles at separate temperature levels to minimize the total energy consumption of solar humidification processes. [1]

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