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Myositis ossificans comprises two syndromes characterized by heterotopic ossification (calcification) of muscle. The World Health Organization, 2020, has grouped myositis ossificans together with fibro-osseous pseudotumor of digits as a single specific entity in the category of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors .
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (/ ˌ f aɪ b r oʊ d ɪ ˈ s p l eɪ ʒ (i) ə ɒ ˈ s ɪ f ɪ k æ n z p r ə ˈ ɡ r ɛ s ɪ v ə /; [1] abbr. FOP), also called Münchmeyer disease or formerly myositis ossificans progressiva, is an extremely rare connective tissue disease in which fibrous connective tissue such as muscle, tendons, and ligaments turn into bone tissue (ossification).
In traumatic heterotopic ossification (traumatic myositis ossificans), the patient may complain of a warm, tender, firm swelling in a muscle and decreased range of motion in the joint served by the muscle involved. There is often a history of a blow or other trauma to the area a few weeks to a few months earlier.
It can also be associated with underlying cancer. The main classes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy are polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM) (including juvenile, amyopathic, and sine-dermatitis form), inclusion-body myositis (IBM), immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM), and focal autoimmune myositis. [1]
Calcification of muscle can occur after traumatic injury and is known as myositis ossificans. It can be recognized by muscle tenderness and loss of stretch in the affected area. To reduce the risk of calcification after an injury, initiate what is commonly known as "RICE" (rest, ice, compression, and elevation). [2]
For myositis caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics can be used. [4] For myositis caused by a medication, it is important to stop using that medication. [4] There are a variety of treatment options available if myositis is caused by an autoimmune disease. Glucocorticoids are often the first choice for treatment. [10]
The primary treatment for PF/PM lesions is watchful waiting, i.e. following the lesions for spontaneous regression or any possible complications that require surgical intervention. Symptomatic therapy such as analgesics, e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may be required to treat pain or rare cases of fever. [1]
Palovarotene, sold under the brand name Sohonos, is a medication used for the treatment of heterotopic ossification and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. [6] [7] It is a highly selective retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist. [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]
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