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The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
Depression is commonly attributed to a deficiency in monoamines, such as serotonin. The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that depression is primarily caused by a deficiency of several monoamines, namely serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. [2] This hypothesis is widely accepted due to its simplicity. [3]
BDNF is involved in depression through its effects on serotonin. BDNF has been shown to promote the development, function, and expression of serotonergic neurons. [28] Because more active serotonin results in more positive moods, antidepressants work to increase serotonin levels.
Despite its longstanding prominence in pharmaceutical advertising, the idea that low serotonin levels cause depression is not supported by scientific evidence. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] One interpretation is that depression manifests due to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, resulting in feelings of worthlessness and despair.
NHS figures show that the number of people in England taking antidepressants continues to rise, with 8.3m patients receiving them in 2021/22.
Since serotonin deficiency has been recognized as a possible cause of depression, it has been suggested that consumption of tryptophan or 5-HTP may therefore improve depression symptoms by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain. [135] 5-HTP and tryptophan are sold over the counter in North America, but requires a prescription in Europe.
Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening drug reaction that causes the body to have too much serotonin. It can be caused by certain drug interactions, as well as drinking alcohol while ...
In general, manipulation of the caudal nuclei(e.g. pharmacological, lesion, receptor knockout) that results in decreased activity decreases movement, while manipulations to increase activity cause an increase in motor activity. Serotonin is also implicated in sensory processing, as sensory stimulation causes an increase in extracellular ...
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