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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
Differences in order of magnitude can be measured on a base-10 logarithmic scale in "decades" (i.e., factors of ten). [2] For example, there is one order of magnitude between 2 and 20, and two orders of magnitude between 2 and 200. Each division or multiplication by 10 is called an order of magnitude. [3]
Thus, a magnitude zero microearthquake has a seismic moment of approximately 1.1 × 10 9 N⋅m, while the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, with an estimated moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6, had a seismic moment between 1.4 × 10 23 N⋅m and 2.8 × 10 23 N⋅m. Seismic moment magnitude (M wg or Das Magnitude Scale ) and moment magnitude (M w) scales
Mathematics: 2,520 (5×7×8×9 or 2 3 ×3 2 ×5×7) is the least common multiple of every positive integer under (and including) 10. Terrorism: 2,996 persons (including 19 terrorists) died in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 .
TOKYO – A powerful magnitude 6.8 earthquake shook parts of southern Japan on Monday. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake was reported about 7 miles to the east ...
For example, a magnitude 7.0 quake in Salta, Argentina, in 2011, that was 576.8 km deep, had a maximum felt intensity of V, [19] while a magnitude 2.2 event in Barrow in Furness, England, in 1865, about 1 km deep, had a maximum felt intensity of VIII. [20] The small table is a rough guide to the degrees of the MMI scale.
A 2.8 magnitude earthquake shook the Richmond, Virginia area Tuesday afternoon, according to the United States Geological Survey. The quake struck about six miles northwest of Glen Allen, Virginia ...