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  2. Proportionality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)

    The variable y is directly proportional to the variable x with proportionality constant ~0.6. The variable y is inversely proportional to the variable x with proportionality constant 1. In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio.

  3. Joint probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution

    If the points in the joint probability distribution of X and Y that receive positive probability tend to fall along a line of positive (or negative) slope, ρ XY is near +1 (or −1). If ρ XY equals +1 or −1, it can be shown that the points in the joint probability distribution that receive positive probability fall exactly along a straight ...

  4. List of unsolved problems in fair division - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    What is the runtime complexity of calculating a connected-proportional allocation of partly burnt cake? Known cases: When all valuations are positive, or all valuations are negative, the Even-Paz protocol finds a connected proportional division using O ( n log ⁡ n ) {\displaystyle O(n\log n)} queries, and this is optimal.

  5. Marginal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_distribution

    Given a known joint distribution of two discrete random variables, say, X and Y, the marginal distribution of either variable – X for example – is the probability distribution of X when the values of Y are not taken into consideration. This can be calculated by summing the joint probability distribution over all values of Y.

  6. Millennium Prize Problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems

    The Clay Mathematics Institute officially designated the title Millennium Problem for the seven unsolved mathematical problems, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Hodge conjecture, Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, P versus NP problem, Riemann hypothesis, Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, and the Poincaré conjecture at the ...

  7. Iterative proportional fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_proportional_fitting

    The iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPF or IPFP, also known as biproportional fitting or biproportion in statistics or economics (input-output analysis, etc.), RAS algorithm [1] in economics, raking in survey statistics, and matrix scaling in computer science) is the operation of finding the fitted matrix which is the closest to an initial matrix but with the row and column totals of ...

  8. Envy-free cake-cutting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy-free_cake-cutting

    It is known that weighted-proportional allocation with connected pieces may not exist: see proportional cake-cutting with different entitlements for an example. Note that there is an alternative definition of weighted-envy-free division, where the weights are assigned to pieces rather than to agents. With this definition, a weighted envy-free ...

  9. Graphical time warping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_time_warping

    The area size between adjacent warping paths is proportional to the number of edges cut among cross edges. This minimization problem can be reformulated into a minimum cut problem on a special graph termed GTW graph, where the minimum cut and the warping paths are equivalent. [1] The formulation could be described as: