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chroot is an operation on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children.A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normally cannot access) files outside the designated directory tree.
A directory is a logical section of a file system used to hold files. Directories may also contain other directories. The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory.
Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter – an alliteration, e.g., "Dapper Drake".With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, and except for the first three releases, the first letters are sequential, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer.
There are two ways to use the program: via the standalone chntpw utility installed as a package available in most modern Linux distributions (e.g. Ubuntu [1]) or via a bootable CD/USB image. There also was a floppy release, but its support has been dropped.
As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run. When a user attempts to invoke sudo without being listed in the configuration file, an exception indication is presented to the user indicating that the attempt has been recorded. If configured, the root user will be alerted via mail. By default, an entry is ...
The root file system is later switched via a call to pivot_root() which unmounts the temporary root file system and replaces it with the use of the real one, once the latter is accessible. [14] The memory used by the temporary root file system is then reclaimed. [clarification needed]
Ubuntu (/ ʊ ˈ b ʊ n t uː / ⓘ uu-BUUN-too) [8] is a Linux distribution derived from Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software. [9] [10] [11] Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop, [12] Server, [13] and Core [14] for Internet of things devices [15] and robots.
X Window System, Version 11, Release 6 (up to FHS-2.3, optional). /var: Variable files: files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system, such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files. /var/cache: Application cache data. Such data are locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or ...