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The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one. [citation needed] "Reticuloendothelial system" is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is understood that most endothelial cells are not macrophages. [2]
In general, monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis , antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material.
The activation of T H 1 and M1 macrophage is a positive feedback loop, with IFN-γ from T H 1 cells upregulating CD40 expression on macrophages; the interaction between CD40 on the macrophages and CD40L on T cells activate macrophages to secrete IL-12; and IL-12 promotes more IFN-γ secretion from T H 1 cells.
The monoblast is the first stage of monocyte-macrophage maturation. The developmental stages of the monoblast are: CFU-GM (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast) -> monoblast -> promonocyte-> monocyte-> macrophage/dendritic cell. During their development, monocytes are present in large packs in all of the lymph nodes in the body ...
The composition of monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages in the tumor microenvironment depends on the tumor type, stage, size, and location, thus it has been proposed that TAM identity and heterogeneity is the outcome of interactions between tumor-derived, tissue-specific, and developmental signals. [2]
CFU-GM (Colony Forming Unit–Granulocyte–Macrophage [a]), also known as granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), is a colony forming unit. It is derived from CFU-GEMM. It is the precursor for monoblasts and myeloblasts. Production is stimulated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
In anatomy the term reticuloendothelial system (abbreviated RES), often associated nowadays with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), was employed by the beginning of the 20th century to denote a system of specialised cells that effectively clear colloidal vital stains (so called because they stain living cells) from the blood circulation.
The source of interferon-gamma can be CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, natural killer T cells, monocytes, other macrophages, or dendritic cells. [38] Nitric oxide is then released from the macrophage and, because of its toxicity, kills microbes near the macrophage. [ 14 ]