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In childhood, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients can expect a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70% and an overall survival (OS) rate of 80%. [1] Among the approximately 25% of children who relapse, survival rates drop to 30-50%, with patients generally showing a much poorer prognosis. [1]
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL) is a rare cancer of the immune system's T-cells [1] [2] [3] caused by human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 . [4] All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm. [ 4 ]
T-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemia which affect T cells. Types include: [1] Large granular lymphocytic leukemia; Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia; In practice, it can be hard to distinguish T-cell leukemia from T-cell lymphoma, and they are often grouped together.
In a 22-day process, the "drug" is customized for each person. T cells purified from each person are modified by a virus that inserts genes that encode a chimaeric antigen receptor into their DNA, one that recognizes leukemia cells. [63] Obecabtagene autoleucel (Aucatzyl) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024. [64] [65]
T-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin involvement. [1] T-PLL is a very rare leukemia, primarily affecting adults over the age of 30. It represents 2% of all small lymphocytic leukemias in adults. [2]
As the name suggests, T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia is characterized by involvement of cytotoxic-T cells). [ 2 ] In a study based in the US, the average age of diagnosis was 66.5 years [ 3 ] whereas in a French study the median age at diagnosis was 59 years (with an age range of 12–87 years old). [ 4 ]
Survival rates for most childhood cancers have improved, with a notable improvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (the most common childhood cancer). Due to improved treatment, the 5-year survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia has increased from less than 10% in the 1960s to about 90% during the time period 2003-2009.
The T cell variations are usually caused by the prolonged use of T cell suppressant drugs, such as sirolimus, tacrolimus, or ciclosporin. [2] The Epstein-Barr virus , which infects >90% of the world population, is also a common cause of these disorders, being responsible for a wide range of non-malignant, pre-malignant, and malignant Epstein ...
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