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Calcium regulation in the human body. [6]The plasma ionized calcium concentration is regulated within narrow limits (1.3–1.5 mmol/L). This is achieved by both the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands constantly sensing (i.e. measuring) the concentration of calcium ions in the blood flowing through them.
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011. [6] See table. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4–10 800 mg, ages 11–17 1150 mg, ages 18–24 1000 mg, and >25 years 950 mg. [10]
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Though calcium is the most plentiful electrolyte in the body, a large percentage of it is used to form the bones. [14] It is mainly absorbed and excreted through the GI system. [14] The majority of calcium resides extracellularly, and it is crucial for the function of neurons, muscle cells, function of enzymes, and coagulation. [14]
Therefore calcium supplementation in CKD patients results in decreased PTH and decreased phosphorus levels. KDOQI recommends a calcium intake goal of 800 to 1000 mg/day (diet and medications combined). [17] Excessive calcium supplementation of 2000 mg/day for CKD patients may result in calcium deposition in other tissues leading to calcification.
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Food composition data (FCD) are detailed sets of information on the nutritionally important components of foods and provide values for energy and nutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals and for other important food components such as fibre.
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) [a] of the National Academies (United States). [1] It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDA s, see below).
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