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An ester of carboxylic acid.R stands for any group (organic or inorganic) and R′ stands for organyl group.. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (−R).
This is a list of estrogen esters, or ester prodrugs of estrogens. It includes esters, as well as ethers , of steroidal estrogens like estradiol , estrone , and estriol and of nonsteroidal estrogens like the stilbestrols diethylstilbestrol and hexestrol .
Other major estradiol esters that are or have been used in medicine include estradiol acetate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiol enantate, estradiol undecylate, and polyestradiol phosphate (an estrogen ester polymer), as well as the nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic agent estramustine phosphate (estradiol ...
A variety of C17β and/or C3 ester prodrugs of estradiol, such as estradiol acetate, estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiol enantate, estradiol undecylate, estradiol valerate, and polyestradiol phosphate (an estradiol ester in polymeric form), among many others, have been developed and introduced for medical ...
[10] [51] [52] In general, the longer the fatty acid ester chain, the more lipophilic the estradiol ester, the more slowly it is released from the depot and absorbed into the circulation, and the longer its duration of action. [6] [50] The pharmacokinetics of estradiol enantate have been assessed in a number of studies.
Esters of estrone and estriol also exist and are or have been used in clinical medicine, for example estrone sulfate (e.g., as estropipate), estriol succinate, and estriol glucuronide (as Emmenin and Progynon). [1] Ethinylestradiol is a more potent synthetic analogue of estradiol that is used widely in hormonal contraceptives. [1]
It was the first commercially available form of testosterone, and the first testosterone ester, to be introduced. [4] [20] The medication was the major form of testosterone used medically before 1960. [5] Buccal testosterone propionate tablets were introduced for medical use in the mid-to-late 1940s under the brand name Oreton Buccal Tablets.
Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s. [8] They are among the most widely used anabolic steroid worldwide. [8] In addition to their medical use, nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance, and are said to be the most widely used anabolic steroid for such purposes.