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where is the applied tension on the line, is the resulting force exerted at the other side of the capstan, is the coefficient of friction between the rope and capstan materials, and is the total angle swept by all turns of the rope, measured in radians (i.e., with one full turn the angle =).
Tension is the pulling or stretching force transmitted axially along an object such as a string, rope, chain, rod, truss member, or other object, so as to stretch or pull apart the object. In terms of force, it is the opposite of compression. Tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of an object.
If the tension on a string is ten lbs., it must be increased to 40 lbs. for a pitch an octave higher. [1] A string, tied at A, is kept in tension by W, a suspended weight, and two bridges, B and the movable bridge C, while D is a freely moving wheel; all allowing one to demonstrate Mersenne's laws regarding tension and length [1]
An alternative to hoop stress in describing circumferential stress is wall stress or wall tension (T), which usually is defined as the total circumferential force exerted along the entire radial thickness: [3]
The vector T may be regarded as the sum of two components: the normal stress (compression or tension) perpendicular to the surface, and the shear stress that is parallel to the surface. If the normal unit vector n of the surface (pointing from Q towards P) is assumed fixed, the normal component can be expressed by a single number, the dot ...
A classical torsion wire-based du Noüy ring tensiometer. The arrow on the left points to the ring itself. The most common correction factors include Zuidema–Waters correction factors (for liquids with low interfacial tension), Huh–Mason correction factors (which cover a wider range than Zuidema–Waters), and Harkins–Jordan correction factors (more precise than Huh–Mason, while still ...
The formula to calculate average shear stress τ or force per unit area is: [1] =, where F is the force applied and A is the cross-sectional area.. The area involved corresponds to the material face parallel to the applied force vector, i.e., with surface normal vector perpendicular to the force.
(σ: surface tension, ΔP max: maximum pressure drop, R cap: radius of capillary) Later, after the maximum pressure, the pressure of the bubble decreases and the radius of the bubble increases until the bubble is detached from the end of a capillary and a new cycle begins. This is not relevant to determine the surface tension. [3]