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The HTR-PM is a high-temperature gas-cooled (HTGR) pebble-bed reactor. While the German AVR and THTR-300, operating from 1969 to 1988, were the first pebble-bed reactors and operated at similar temperatures, the HTR-PM is the first such design using modular construction and the second small modular reactor, following Russia's Akademik Lomonosov floating plant in 2019.
A pebble-bed power plant combines a gas-cooled core [5] and a novel fuel packaging. [6]The uranium, thorium or plutonium nuclear fuels are in the form of a ceramic (usually oxides or carbides) contained within spherical pebbles a little smaller than the size of a tennis ball and made of pyrolytic graphite, which acts as the primary neutron moderator.
HTR-10 is a pebble-bed high-temperature gas reactor utilizing spherical fuel elements with ceramic coated fuel particles. The reactor core has a diameter of 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in), a mean height of 1.97 metres (6 ft 6 in) and the volume of 5.0 cubic metres (180 cu ft), and is surrounded by graphite reflectors. The core is composed of 27,000 ...
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The first two 250-MWt High-Temperature Reactor-Pebble-bed Modules (HTR-PM) will be installed at Shidao Bay, and together drive a steam turbine generating 200 MWe. Originally to be started in 2011, the project was postponed after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011.
The reactor core can be either a "prismatic block" (reminiscent of a conventional reactor core) or a "pebble-bed" core. China Huaneng Group currently operates HTR-PM , a 250 MW HTGR power plant in Shandong province , China.
The THTR-300 was a helium-cooled high-temperature reactor with a pebble-bed reactor core consisting of approximately 670,000 spherical fuel compacts each 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in diameter with particles of uranium-235 and thorium-232 fuel embedded in a graphite matrix. It fed power to Germany's grid for 432 days in the late 1980s, before it ...
The technology is currently being developed mainly in China who currently operate a 10 MW test reactor of this type. The Chinese are, as of 2015, building a commercial pebble-bed reactor: HTR-PM, with two 100MWe reactors. [2] One achieved a sustained chain reaction (criticality) in Sept 2021. [2]