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Saddle joints are said to be biaxial, [5] allowing movement in the sagittal and frontal planes. [2] Examples of saddle joints in the human body include the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, [6] [7] the sternoclavicular joint of the thorax, [8] the incudomalleolar joint of the middle ear, [9] and the calcaneocuboid joint of the heel. [2]
The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration. [12] The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum), [13] at least 3 mm in the knee, [14] and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint. [15]
Examples include: [2] the wrist-joint; metacarpophalangeal joints; metatarsophalangeal joints; atlanto-occipital joints; These are also called ellipsoid joints. The oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of the other bone. These joints allow biaxial movements [3] — i.e., forward and backward, or from side to side, but ...
The sternoclavicular joint or sternoclavicular articulation is a synovial saddle joint between the manubrium of the sternum, and the clavicle, and the first costal cartilage. The joint possesses a joint capsule , and an articular disc , and is reinforced by multiple ligaments.
The sternoclavicular joint is the articulation of the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage with the medial end of the clavicle. It is a saddle type of synovial joint but functions as a plane joint. The sternoclavicular joint accommodates a wide range of scapula movements and can be raised to a 60° angle.
Examples of a pivot joint include: Proximal radioulnar joint; Distal radioulnar joint; Median atlanto-axial joint; In contrast, spherical joints (or ball and socket joints) such as the hip joint permit rotation and all other directional movement, while pivot joints only permit rotation.
The calcaneocuboid joint is conventionally described as among the least mobile joints in the human foot.The articular surfaces of the two bones are relatively flat with some irregular undulations, which seem to suggest movement limited to a single rotation and some translation.
In anatomy, extension is a movement of a joint that increases the angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint. Extension usually results in straightening of the bones or body surfaces involved. For example, extension is produced by extending the flexed (bent) elbow. Straightening of the arm would require extension at the elbow joint.