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Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]
Psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorders outlined within the ICD-10 codes F10.5—F19.5: F10.5 alcohol: [8] [9] [10] Alcohol is a common cause of psychotic disorders or episodes, which may occur through acute intoxication, chronic alcoholism, withdrawal, exacerbation of existing disorders, or acute idiosyncratic reactions. [8]
Higher doses of prescription opioids as well as long acting formulations are associated with an increased risk of overdose. [24] In those on long term opioid treatment for chronic pain, daily morphine equivalents greater than 200 mg were associate with death from opioid related causes (including overdose) in 3.8% of men and 2.2% of women. [24]
Globally, the number of people with opioid dependence increased from 10.4 million in 1990 to 15.5 million in 2010. [7] In 2016, the numbers rose to 27 million people who experienced this disorder. [189] Opioid use disorders resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015, [190] up from 18,000 deaths in 1990. [191]
Long-term use has been linked to personality changes such as depression, paranoia, anxiety which can be related to psychological disorders. It is often reported that substance use coincides with personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder. It has also now been linked to severe brain damage leading to an inability to control ...
Some people build tolerance to opioids over time. This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects. [78] Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain. [101]
Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia [13] warns that people with dementia are more likely to experience adverse effects, and to monitor carefully for withdrawal symptoms when ceasing medications for these people as they are both more likely to experience symptoms and less likely to be able to reliably ...
Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. The complete list of Schedule II substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included.