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Martínez López de Letona J. (2007). La historia natural de la enfermedad como fuente esencial para la formulación del pronóstico (PDF). Madrid: HM. ISBN 978-84-612-7199-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-18. Bhopal, R. (2008). Concepts of Epidemiology. Integrating the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology (2nd ...
This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines.In addition to specific year/period-related events, there is the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.
The 1957–1958 Asian flu pandemic was a global pandemic of influenza A virus subtype H2N2 that originated in Guizhou in Southern China. [3] [4] [1] The number of excess deaths caused by the pandemic is estimated to be 1–4 million around the world (1957–1958 and probably beyond), making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.
The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.
Influenza A viruses can occasionally be transmitted from wild birds to other species, causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, and may give rise to human influenza pandemics. [1] [2] The propagation of influenza viruses throughout the world is thought to be in part by bird migrations, though commercial shipments of live bird products might also ...
While both can cause upper respiratory symptoms, influenza is more likely to result in high fever, body aches, and fatigue. Parainfluenza often produces milder, cold-like symptoms such as runny nose, cough, and low-grade fever. [35] Influenza has a distinct seasonal pattern, with outbreaks occurring mainly in winter months.
Francisco Hernández de Toledo, a Spanish physician, insisted on using the Nahuatl word when describing the disease to correspondents in the Old World. [19] In 1970, a historian named Germaine Somolinos d'Ardois looked systematically at the proposed explanations, including hemorrhagic influenza, leptospirosis , malaria , typhus, typhoid , and ...
The sequences of the polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2) of the 1918 virus and subsequent human viruses differ by only 10 amino acids from the avian influenza viruses. Viruses with 7 of the 10 amino acids in the human influenza locations have already been identified in currently circulating H5N1. This has led some researchers to suggest that ...