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Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, appendicitis, and if inhaled inflammation of the lungs. [2] It is not recommended in people with intestinal perforation or bowel obstruction. [2] Allergic reactions are rare. [1] The use of barium during pregnancy is safe for the baby; however, X-rays may result in harm. [4]
An upper gastrointestinal series, also called a barium swallow, barium study, or barium meal, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract for abnormalities. A contrast medium , usually a radiocontrast agent such as barium sulfate mixed with water, is ingested or instilled into the gastrointestinal tract, and X-rays are ...
However, increased dosage raises the adverse side effects, including the risk of radiation-induced cancer – a four-phase abdominal CT gives the same radiation dose as 300 chest X-rays. [119] Several methods that can reduce the exposure to ionizing radiation during a CT scan exist.
Irritants capable of causing chemical pneumonitis include vomitus, [2] barium used in gastro-intestinal imaging, chlorine gas (among other pulmonary agents), [2] ingested gasoline [2] or other petroleum distillates, ingested or skin absorbed pesticides, [2] gases from electroplating, [2] smoke [2] and others.
“Consequently, it is difficult to localize pain in the chest, so a problem on the left side of the chest can present itself as pain on the right side, shoulder pain, or even neck and jaw pain.”
Iodinated contrast contains iodine.It is the main type of radiocontrast used for intravenous administration.Iodine has a particular advantage as a contrast agent for radiography because its innermost electron ("k-shell") binding energy is 33.2 keV, similar to the average energy of x-rays used in diagnostic radiography.
SPIO, barium sulfate, air and clay have been used to lower T 2 signal. Natural products with high manganese concentration such as blueberry and green tea can also be used for T 1 increasing contrast enhancement. [68] Perflubron, a type of perfluorocarbon, has been used as a gastrointestinal MRI contrast agent for pediatric imaging. [69]
Projectional radiography, CT scan and nuclear medicine imaging result some degree of ionizing radiation exposure, but have with a few exceptions much lower absorbed doses than what are associated with fetal harm. [20] At higher dosages, effects can include miscarriage, birth defects and intellectual disability. [20]