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The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6608-4. The Fall of Carthage, by Adrian Goldsworthy, Cassel; The Rise of the Roman Empire, by Polybius; Lancel, Serge (1999). Hannibal. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21848-3. Lazenby, John Francis (1996). The First Punic War: A Military ...
The Carthaginians anticipated victory, especially because of their superior experience at sea. [10] The corvi helped the Romans seize the first 30 Carthaginian ships that got close enough, including the Carthaginian flagship. To avoid the corvi, the Carthaginians were forced to navigate around them and approach the Romans from behind, or from ...
[3] [4] His works include a now lost manual on military tactics, [5] but he is best known for his The Histories, written sometime after 167 BC, or about a century after the Battle of the Bagradas River. [4] [6] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. [7] [8]
3: Romans capture Tunis (256 BC) 4: Xanthippus sets out from Carthage with a large army (255 BC) 5: Romans are defeated at the Battle of Tunis. (255 BC) 6: Romans retreat to Aspis and leave Africa. (255 BC) As a result of the battle, the Roman army, commanded by Regulus, landed in Africa near Aspis (modern Kelibia) [56] and captured it. [57]
Carthage and Rome fought the 17-year Second Punic War between 218 and 201 BC, which ended with a Roman victory. The peace treaty imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents [note 3] [note 4] was to be paid over 50 years. Hostages were taken.
Meeting the besiegers in battle, the Romans quickly defeated the Syracusans, then moved against the Carthaginians. The light infantry skirmished but soon fell back. The Roman and Carthaginian infantry engaged in the centre, while the cavalry fought on the flanks. However, the Romans gained the upper hand, and the Carthaginians retreated. [4]
In 204 BC the Romans landed near the Carthaginian port of Utica with four legions. The Romans defeated two large Carthaginian scouting parties, besieged Utica and set up a fortified camp. The Carthaginians and their Numidian allies each set up their own camps about 11 kilometres (7 mi) from the Romans but close to each other. The Romans were ...
The siege bogged down to a stalemate with the Romans unable to force their way into the city or keep their blockade tight enough to stop supplies reaching the defenders, and the Syracusans unable to force the Romans to withdraw. The Carthaginians realised the potential hindrance a continuing Syracusan defence could cause to the Roman war effort ...
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