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Using another lower-level device driver (e.g. file system drivers using disk drivers) Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different [9] For software: Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources; Implementing only primitives; Implementing an interface for non-driver software (e.g. TWAIN)
NDIS Miniport drivers can also use Windows Driver Model interfaces to control network hardware. [19] Another driver type is NDIS Intermediate Driver. Intermediate drivers sit in-between the MAC and IP layers and can control all traffic being accepted by the NIC. In practice, intermediate drivers implement both miniport and protocol interfaces.
Embedded software needs to include all needed device drivers at manufacturing time, and the device drivers are written for the various hardware devices. These device drivers, called BSP (Board support package), form the layer of software containing hardware-specific drivers and other routines that allow a particular operating system ...
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For example, it could be used by malware to redirect web browers to rogue websites, or to block access to sites like Windows Update. Alternatively, a computer security program could scan network traffic for viruses or other threats. The Winsock Service Provider Interface (SPI) API provides a mechanism for layering providers on top of each other ...
In case of a monolithic kernel all the device drivers are part of it. The hardware is accessed (and also configured) through its device driver by the configuration utility to configure the hardware, and programs like the web browser / SSH / NTP -client/etc. to send and receive network packets.
Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI) is a component of Windows API that performs security-related operations such as authentication. SSPI functions as a common interface to several Security Support Providers (SSPs): [ 1 ] A Security Support Provider is a dynamic-link library (DLL) that makes one or more security packages available to apps.
Device drivers are the principal failing component in most systems. The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) project found that OS crashes are predominantly caused by poorly written device driver code. [1] In Windows XP, drivers account for 85% of the reported failures.