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In 2005 the journal Psychology, Public Policy and Law of the American Psychological Association (APA) published a review article by Rushton and Jensen, "Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability". [170] The article was followed by a series of responses, some in support, some critical.
Two out of three tests found no significant differences. One test found higher scores for non-white people. Moore (1986) compared black and mixed-race children adopted by either black or white middle-class families in the United States. Moore observed that 23 black and interracial children raised by white parents had a significantly higher mean ...
[3] [2] [4] Some argue that these findings indicate that test bias plays a role in producing the gaps in IQ test scores. [5] Both of these tests demonstrate how cultural content on intelligence tests may lead to culturally biased score results. Still, these criticisms of cultural content may not apply to "culture free" tests of intelligence.
Williams's theory led to him constructing his own standardized test, the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity or BITCH-100, which he predicted would result in higher testing scores for African American's. [11] The test was created by drawing from a glossary of African-American speech and personal experience.
The racial achievement gap in the United States refers to disparities in educational achievement between differing ethnic/racial groups. [1] It manifests itself in a variety of ways: African-American and Hispanic students are more likely to earn lower grades, score lower on standardized tests, drop out of high school, and they are less likely to enter and complete college than whites, while ...
The book reviews selected literature on IQ testing and argues that genetic racial differences exist, with a discussion of the causes and consequences. Reviews of the book fault the selection of data used, the methodology, and the conclusions drawn from the data, resulting in criticism that it is "the sort of book that gives IQ testing a bad name."
For most nonverbal standardized tests, this generalization is not limited to English-speaking minorities." (p. ix). Jensen also published a summary of the book the same year which was a target article in the journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences to which 27 commentaries were printed along with the author's reply. [36]
For example, there have been increasing concerns about the negative effects of stereotype threats on MCAT, SAT, LSAT scores, etc. [15] One effort at mitigation of the negative consequences of stereotype threat involves rescaling standardized test scores to adjust for the adverse effects of stereotypes. [85]