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Bessemer converter, schematic diagram. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also ...
The process differs essentially from the Bessemer process in the refractory lining of the converter. The latter, being made of dolomite ((Ca,Mg)(CO 3) 2) fired with tar, is basic (MgO giving O 2− anions), whereas the Bessemer lining, made of packed sand, is acidic (SiO 2 accepting O 2− anions) according to the Lux-Flood theory of molten oxides.
[44] [45] The problem was that to remove phosphorus, a basic slag was needed, but Bessemer's sand-based refractory lining (now called acidic) reacts with it into silicates rather than the phosphorus. It would take until 1877 for a basic lining to be developed, when the converter became economical to use with phosphorus-rich iron ores.
The process is known as basic because fluxes of calcium oxide or dolomite, which are chemical bases, are added to promote the removal of impurities and protect the lining of the converter. [2] The process was invented in 1948 by Swiss engineer Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by the Austrian steelmaking company VOEST and ÖAMG.
The adoption of a lining inspired by one developed by Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist in 1877 [12] was suggested by Hollway during his last tests in the early 1800s. [2] However, the idea was not tested, as fundamental problems related to the air blowing were more of a problem than refractory optimization.
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Bessemer acknowledged the efforts of Nasmyth by offering him a one-third share of the value of his patent. Nasmyth turned it down as he was about to retire. [17] Bessemer converter, Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield, England in 2010. Many industries were constrained by the lack of steel, being reliant on cast iron and wrought iron alone. Examples ...