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  2. Proxy firm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_firm

    A proxy firm (also a proxy advisor, proxy adviser, proxy voting agency, vote service provider or shareholder voting research provider or proxy voting advisory businesses (PVABs)) provides services to shareholders (in most cases an institutional investor of some type) to vote their shares at shareholder meetings of, usually, listed companies.

  3. Social return on investment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_return_on_investment

    Essentially, the monetisation principle assumes that price is a proxy for value. While prices represent exchange value – the market price at which demand equals supply – they do not completely represent all the value to either the seller or the consumer. In other words, they do not capture economic surplus (consumer

  4. Proxy (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(statistics)

    In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable. [1] In order for a variable to be a good proxy, it must have a close correlation, not necessarily linear, with the variable of interest. This correlation might be either positive ...

  5. Procyclical and countercyclical variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclical_and...

    Other schools of economic thought, such as new classical macroeconomics, [citation needed] hold that countercyclical policies may be counterproductive or destabilizing, and therefore favor a laissez-faire fiscal policy as a better method for maintaining an overall robust economy. When the government adopts a countercyclical fiscal policy in ...

  6. Operating surplus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_surplus

    It may be used in macro-economics as a proxy for total pre-tax profit income, although entrepreneurial income may provide a better measure of business profits. According to the 2008 SNA, it is the measure of the surplus accruing from production before deducting property income, e.g., land rent and interest .

  7. Terminal value (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_value_(finance)

    In finance, the terminal value (also known as “continuing value” or “horizon value” or "TV") [1] of a security is the present value at a future point in time of all future cash flows when we expect stable growth rate forever. [2]

  8. Proxy statement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_statement

    A proxy statement is a statement required of a firm when soliciting shareholder votes. [ 1 ] : 10 This statement is filed in advance of the annual meeting. The firm needs to file a proxy statement, otherwise known as a Form DEF 14A (Definitive Proxy Statement), with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission .

  9. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest...

    A company's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (commonly abbreviated EBITDA, [1] pronounced / ˈ iː b ɪ t d ɑː,-b ə-, ˈ ɛ-/ [2]) is a measure of a company's profitability of the operating business only, thus before any effects of indebtedness, state-mandated payments, and costs required to maintain its asset base.