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Cholesterol can be synthesized de novo in the adrenal cortex. Yet, the major source of cholesterol appears to be cholesterol that is taken up with circulating lipoproteins. [15] The steps up to this point occur in many steroid-producing tissues. Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex:
Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol in their respective regions of the adrenal cortex. The process is controlled by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) which sits in the mitochondrial membrane and regulates the passage of cholesterol. [3] This is the rate-limiting step of steroid biosynthesis.
The adrenal cortex is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. Within the cortex are three layers, called "zones". When viewed under a microscope each layer has a distinct appearance, and each has a different function. [13] The adrenal cortex is devoted to production of hormones, namely aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens. [14]
This increases the bioavailability of cholesterol in the cells of the adrenal cortex. The long term actions of ACTH include stimulation of the transcription of the genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes, especially P450scc, steroid 11β-hydroxylase, and their associated electron transfer proteins. [ 11 ]
The highest level of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system is found in the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum. [5] The system is also expressed at high levels in steroidogenic theca cells in the ovary, and Leydig cells in the testis. [5] During pregnancy, the placenta also expresses significant levels of this enzyme system. [7]
StAR has thus far been found in all tissues that can produce steroids, including the adrenal cortex, the gonads, the brain and the nonhuman placenta. [10] One known exception is the human placenta. Substances that suppress StAR activity, like those listed below, can cause endocrine disrupting effects, including altered steroid hormone levels ...
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. [5] It is the primary precursor of both the androgen and estrogen sex hormones. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries.
The corticosteroids are synthesized from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex. [1] Most steroidogenic reactions are catalysed by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family. They are located within the mitochondria and require adrenodoxin as a cofactor (except 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase). [citation needed]
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