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A thyroglossal cyst or thyroglossal duct cyst is a fibrous cyst that forms from a persistent thyroglossal duct. Thyroglossal cysts can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland during developmental stages.
Three-fourths of abnormalities within a persistent thyroglossal duct involve the formation of a cyst. [2] If a persistent thyroglossal duct becomes fluid filled it will form a thyroglossal duct cyst, which accounts for 70% of congenital neck masses and is the most likely diagnosis if the mass is along the midline of the neck. [3]
The cyst wall is composed of squamous epithelium (90%), columnar cells with or without cilia, or a mixture of both, with lymphoid infiltrate, often with prominent germinal centers and few subcapsular lymph sinuses. The cyst is typically surrounded by lymphoid tissue that has attenuated or absent overlying epithelium due to inflammatory changes.
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The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. It is located exactly mid-line, between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue .
III. Cysts of the soft tissues of the mouth, face and neck 1. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts; 2. Lymphoepithelial (branchial) cyst; 3. Thyroglossal duct cyst; 4. Anterior median lingual cyst (intralingual cyst of foregut origin) 5. Oral cysts with gastric or intestinal epithelium (oral alimentary tract cyst) 6. Cystic hygroma; 7. Nasopharyngeal ...
Another imaging modality, which is ultrasound elastography, is also useful in diagnosing thyroid malignancy especially for follicular thyroid cancer. However, it is limited by the presence of adequate amount of normal tissue around the lesion, calcified shell around a nodule, cystic nodules, coalescent nodules.