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Historical simulation in finance's value at risk (VaR) analysis is a procedure for predicting the value at risk by 'simulating' or constructing the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of assets returns over time assuming that future returns will be directly sampled from past returns.
This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return. The active return is the component of a portfolio's performance that arises from the fact that the portfolio is actively managed. Different kinds of performance attribution provide different ways of explaining the active return.
The first stage consists of fitting a series of local factor models of the familiar form resulting in a set of factor returns f(i,j,t) where f(i,j,t) is the return to factor i in the jth local model at t. The factor returns are then fit to a second stage model of the form
Arrange the returns of N risky assets in an vector , where the first element is the return of the first asset, the second element of the second asset, and so on. Arrange their expected returns in a column vector μ {\displaystyle \mu } , and their variances and covariances in a covariance matrix Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } .
Asset classes and asset class categories are often mixed together. In other words, describing large-cap stocks or short-term bonds as asset classes is incorrect. These investment vehicles are asset class categories, and are used for diversification purposes. Multiple asset classes mixed together in a fund structure can provide an investor with ...
Frequent asset class rebalancing and maintaining a diversified portfolio can lead to substantial costs and fees, which may reduce overall returns. Accurately predicting the optimal times to invest in or sell out of various asset classes is difficult, and poor timing can adversely affect returns.
An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
The weighted average return on assets, or WARA, is the collective rates of return on the various types of tangible and intangible assets of a company.. The presumption of a WARA is that each class of a company's asset base (such as manufacturing equipment, contracts, software, brand names, etc.) carries its own rate of return, each unique to the asset's underlying operational risk as well as ...