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Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (chemical elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine.The brine may be seawater, other surface water, groundwater, or hyper-saline solutions from several industries (e.g., textile industries). [1]
In June 2021, the Republic of Nauru partnered with The Metals Company to extract deep-sea minerals, driven by the need for renewable energy to support its energy sector [127]. While deep sea mining could provide vital resources, its extraction requires significant energy and capital, and may cause environmental and social impacts on the island.
The lease covered an area of 59 square kilometres to a depth of 1,600 meters in the Bismarck Sea to extract essential resources for a period of 20 years. Nautilus sought to extract a total of 1.3 tons of materials, including 80,000 tons of high-grade copper and 150,000 to 200,000 ounces of gold sulphide ore over the course of 3 years. [ 7 ]
Sand mining is the extraction of sand, mainly through an open pit (or sand pit) [1] [failed verification] [2] but sometimes mined from beaches and inland dunes or dredged from ocean and river beds. [3] Sand is often used in manufacturing, for example as an abrasive or in concrete.
Salt pans are shallow and open, and metal pans are often used to evaporate brine. They are usually found close to the source of the salt. For example, pans used in the solar evaporation of salt from seawater are usually found on the coast, while those used to extract salt from solution-mined brine will be found near the brine shaft.
Subsea installations help to exploit resources at progressively deeper waters—locations which had been inaccessible—and overcome challenges posed by sea ice such as in the Barents Sea. One such challenge in shallower environments is seabed gouging by drifting ice features (means of protecting offshore installations against ice action ...
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Seaweed is largely transported from coastal areas to the open and deep ocean, acting as a permanent storage of carbon biomass within marine sediments. [64] Ocean afforestation is a proposal for farming seaweed for carbon removal. [52] [65] After harvesting seaweed is decomposed into biogas (60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide) in an anaerobic ...