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Phenylephrine is a selective α 1 -adrenergic receptor agonist with minimal to no β-adrenergic receptor agonist activity or induction of norepinephrine release. [ 5 ][ 8 ][ 15 ] It causes constriction of both arteries and veins. [ 12 ] Phenylephrine was patented in 1933 [ 16 ] and came into medical use in 1938. [ 17 ]
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and other allergies. [1] Typically, people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic (not patented) drug that can be bought without a prescription and provides relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects. [1]
Pseudoephedrine is not extensively metabolized and is subjected to minimal first-pass metabolism with oral administration. [11] [1] [2] Due to its methyl group at the α carbon (i.e., it is an amphetamine), pseudoephedrine is not a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) and is not metabolized by this enzyme.
Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. [6] Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. [1] The fluid from the nose is usually clear. [2]
The FDA assembled its outside advisers to take another look at phenylephrine, which became the main drug in over-the-counter decongestants when medicines with an older ingredient ...
A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient in most decongestants is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine (the latter of which has disputed effectiveness). Intranasal corticosteroids can also be used as decongestants and ...
Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), dermatitis, and urticaria (hives). [5] It is taken by mouth. [6] Effects generally begin within thirty minutes and last for about a day. [6] The degree of benefit is similar to other antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, which is a first-generation ...
Anaphylaxis(Greek: ana-'up' + phylaxis'guarding') is a serious, potentially fatal allergic reactionand medical emergencythat is rapid in onset and requires immediate medical attention regardless of the use of emergency medication on site. [4][5]It typically causes more than one of the following: an itchy rash, throat closing due to swelling ...
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