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  2. Mulliken population analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulliken_population_analysis

    The Mulliken population assigns an electronic charge to a given atom A, known as the gross atom population: as the sum of over all orbitals belonging to atom A. The charge, Q A {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q_{A}} } , is then defined as the difference between the number of electrons on the isolated free atom, which is the atomic number Z A ...

  3. Minecraft modding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_modding

    Minecraft modding. A Minecraft mod is a mod that changes aspects of the sandbox game Minecraft. Minecraft mods can add additional content to the game, make tweaks to specific features, and optimize performance. Thousands of mods for the game have been created, with some mods even generating an income for their authors.

  4. Minecraft (franchise) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_(franchise)

    Minecraft is a 3D survival sandbox game developed and published by Mojang, spanning multiple platforms. It was first released by the independent video game designer Markus Persson in 2009, before giving the development to Jens Bergensten in 2011 after the game's full 1.0 update. The game has no specific goals to accomplish, allowing players a ...

  5. Radioactive waste - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste

    Radioactive wasteis a type of hazardous wastethat contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is a result of many activities, including nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear powergeneration, nuclear decommissioning, rare-earthmining, and nuclear weaponsreprocessing.[1] The storage and disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by ...

  6. Elementary charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge

    Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)

  7. Linear particle accelerator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator

    In 1924, Gustav Ising published the first description of a linear particle accelerator using a series of accelerating gaps. Particles would proceed down a series of tubes. At a regular frequency, an accelerating voltage would be applied across each gap. As the particles gained speed while the frequency remained constant, the gaps would be ...

  8. Nuclear reactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor

    The Chernobyl sarcophagus, built to contain the effects of the 1986 disaster. A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in nuclear marine propulsion. When a fissile nucleus like uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs ...

  9. Binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_energy

    The atomic binding energy of the atom is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. [4] It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom. The atomic binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electrons with the nucleus, mediated by photons.