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This led to more rural-urban migration in the newly liberated countries (Rakodi, 1997), and a stable decline in urbanization growth from 1950 to 1990 in South Africa. From figure 1 one can see that after the end of apartheid in 1990, the urbanization rate grow from 2.29% to 3.41%, while it continues to sink in the rest of Africa.
However, insufficient government resources have been allocated to allow for these policies to affect smaller urban areas outside the major centers like Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha, Dodoma, and Mbeya. [12] As of 2017 "almost one-third of the population lives in urban areas, and more than one-tenth of the urban population resides in Dar es ...
Economists Philip Graves and Robert Sexton argue that the definition of overurbanization must "involve the presence of negative net external effects for the city size in question," suggesting that as long as "positive external social benefits" from rapid urbanization dominate negative externalities, overurbanization is not at play. [11]
During the Derg era, the city saw nationalization of urban lands and extra house that prevented to build private investment sector, slowing the growth rate. However, the government dictate construction of facilities for urban services for public house except few private investment for some houses.
Africa is urbanizing faster than any other continent, [49] and it is estimated that by 2030, more than one billion Africans will live in cities. [50] This rapid urbanization, coupled with the many interlinked and complex challenges as a result of climate change, pose a significant barrier to Africa's sustainable development. [51]
Africa's newest Urban rail transit project, Addis Ababa. Urban rail transit in Africa has emerged as a growing form of transit due to rapid urbanization that has occurred in recent decades across the continent. Some of these transit systems are older and more developed, such as the metro in Cairo which opened in 1987.
Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] However, as evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and insufficient housing , the local governments sometimes are unable to manage this transition.
The Mineral Revolution is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in South Africa from the 1860s onwards. The Mineral Revolution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining industry , and saw South Africa transformed from a patchwork of ...