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Before the full formal development of calculus, the basis for the modern integral form for arc length was independently discovered by Hendrik van Heuraet and Pierre de Fermat. In 1659 van Heuraet published a construction showing that the problem of determining arc length could be transformed into the problem of determining the area under a ...
The arc length of one branch between x = x 1 and x = x 2 is a ln y 1 / y 2 . The area between the tractrix and its asymptote is π a 2 / 2 , which can be found using integration or Mamikon's theorem .
A parametric C r-curve or a C r-parametrization is a vector-valued function: that is r-times continuously differentiable (that is, the component functions of γ are continuously differentiable), where , {}, and I is a non-empty interval of real numbers.
Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures ...
The coordinate-independent definition of the square of the line element ds in an n-dimensional Riemannian or Pseudo Riemannian manifold (in physics usually a Lorentzian manifold) is the "square of the length" of an infinitesimal displacement [2] (in pseudo Riemannian manifolds possibly negative) whose square root should be used for computing curve length: = = (,) where g is the metric tensor ...
A mechanical method for constructing the arithmetic spiral uses a modified string compass, where the string wraps and winds (or unwraps/unwinds) about a fixed central pin (that does not pivot), thereby incrementing (or decrementing) the length of the radius (string) as the angle changes (the string winds around the fixed pin which does not pivot).
Logarithmic spiral (pitch 10°) A section of the Mandelbrot set following a logarithmic spiralA logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral, or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve that often appears in nature.
The full model proposed by H. Vogel in 1979 [5] is r = c n , θ = n × 137.508 ∘ , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r&=c{\sqrt {n}},\\\theta &=n\times 137.508^{\circ },\end{aligned}}} where θ is the angle, r is the radius or distance from the center, and n is the index number of the floret and c is a constant scaling factor.