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The ' t kofschip (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈkɔfsxɪp], the merchant-ship), ' t fokschaap (the breeding sheep), also often referred to as kofschiptaxi or soft ketchup (among foreign language learners), [1] rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle.
All Class 4 verbs undergo iotation in the first person singular. Thus, there is really only one ending, which due to orthographic reasons is given 2 different forms. Verbs ending in a vowel take the endings in the second column. In the third person plural, verbs ending in a labial insert an л before the ending, -ять.
There are apparently two main types of verbs in late Quenya: weak transitive verbs, which are usually 'root' verbs, such as car-"make; do" from the Elvish base or root KAR-, and derivative intransitive verbs with a strong conjugation, whose stems end mainly in -ta, -na, -ya, formed by putting a verbal suffix to a base or root, like henta-"to ...
Verbs whose stems end in two consonants and whose suffix begins with a consonant must insert a vowel to break up the consonants since the language does not permit sequences of three consonants. There are two ways this can happen: either the vowel i is inserted between the stem and the suffix, or the final stem consonants are switched (an ...
Words ending in a non-velar plosive (-p, -b, -t, -d). Words ending in -n, which is not a velar itself but would assimilate to one before the following -k-. Words ending in -m, -l or -r preceded by a stressed short vowel. Examples: hond → hondeke; voet → voeteke; map → mappeke; boon → boneke; bon → bonneke; kom → kommeke; hol → ...
The initial consonant of the suffix was normally -d-, but the class 1 j-present verbs, the suffixless weak verbs and the preterite-present verbs had -t- if the ending consonant of the stem was an obstruent, in which case the obstruent assimilated to the dental.
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Anna Anna 去 kʰə go 鋪頭 potʰau shop 囉 。 lou PERF Anna 去 鋪頭 囉 。 Anna kʰə potʰau lou Anna go shop PERF Anna went to the shop. With a perfective marker, such as lou (囉) the sentence conveys the meaning "Anna went to the market." The perfective marker lou in this context highlights the temporal property of the event, specifically that it is completed. The perfective ...