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An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals , plants , and bacteria in response to toxin exposure. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms.
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BAT is the only FDA-approved product available for treating botulism in adults, and for botulism in infants caused by botulinum toxins other than types A and B. BAT has been used to treat a case of type F infant botulism and, on a case-by-case basis, may be used for future cases of non-type A and non-type B infant botulism.
The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation. [ citation needed ] Serum therapy , also known as serotherapy , describes the treatment of infectious diseases using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific organism or components of that organism.
This human-derived antitoxin has been shown to be both safe and effective for the treatment of infant botulism. [72] [73] However, the danger of equine-derived antitoxin to infants has not been clearly established, and one study showed the equine-derived antitoxin to be both safe and effective for the treatment of infant botulism. [71]
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. [1] It is used to prevent tetanus in those who have a wound that is at high risk, have not been fully vaccinated with tetanus toxoid , or have HIV/AIDS .
Type II toxin-antitoxin systems are generally better-understood than type I. [39] In this system a labile proteic antitoxin tightly binds and inhibits the activity of a stable toxin. [10] The largest family of type II toxin-antitoxin systems is vapBC , [ 53 ] which has been found through bioinformatics searches to represent between 37 and 42% ...
Proteic addiction modules use proteins as toxins and antitoxins, as opposed to RNA or other methods. The known proteic addiction modules all have similar shared characteristics, including placement of the antitoxin gene relative to the toxin gene, method of toxin neutralization by the antitoxin, and autoregulation of the addiction module by the antitoxin or toxin:antitoxin complex.