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DRAM memory may provide increased protection against soft errors by relying on error-correcting codes. Such error-correcting memory, known as ECC or EDAC-protected memory, is particularly desirable for highly fault-tolerant applications, such as servers, as well as deep-space applications due to increased radiation.
ECC is accomplished by adding redundancy to the transmitted information using an algorithm. A redundant bit may be a complicated function of many original information bits
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) may provide stronger protection against soft errors by relying on error-correcting codes. Such error-correcting memory, known as ECC or EDAC-protected memory, is particularly desirable for mission-critical applications, such as scientific computing, financial, medical, etc. as well as extraterrestrial ...
The main idea is to choose the error-correcting bits such that the index-XOR (the XOR of all the bit positions containing a 1) is 0. We use positions 1, 10, 100, etc. (in binary) as the error-correcting bits, which guarantees it is possible to set the error-correcting bits so that the index-XOR of the whole message is 0.
Memory scrubbing consists of reading from each computer memory location, correcting bit errors (if any) with an error-correcting code , and writing the corrected data back to the same location. [ 1 ] Due to the high integration density of modern computer memory chips , the individual memory cell structures became small enough to be vulnerable ...
Typical implementations use more advanced codes, such as a BCH code, that can correct multiple bits with less overhead. Chipkill is frequently combined with dynamic bit-steering , so that if a chip fails (or has exceeded a threshold of bit errors), another, spare, memory chip is used to replace the failed chip.
Although most registered memory modules also feature error-correcting code memory (ECC), it is also possible for registered memory modules to not be error-correcting or vice versa. Unregistered ECC memory is supported and used in workstation or entry-level server motherboards that do not support very large amounts of memory. [1]
Typically, modules with this designation are also ECC (Error-Correcting Code) Registered, though the 'E' for ECC may not always be included in the designation. Conversely, non-registered RAM, also known as unbuffered RAM, is identified by a "U" in the designation. e.g. PC4-19200U. [48]