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Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. [1] In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of ...
As of the 2019 revision of the SI, the ampere is defined by fixing the elementary charge e to be exactly 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C, [6] [9] which means an ampere is an electric current equivalent to 10 19 elementary charges moving every 1.602 176 634 seconds or 6.241 509 074 × 10 18 elementary charges moving in a second.
The intersections of the load line with the transistor characteristic curves represent the circuit-constrained values of I C and V CE at different base currents. [2] If the transistor could pass all the current available, with no voltage dropped across it, the collector current would be the supply voltage V CC over R L. This is the point where ...
The op-amp inverting amplifier is a typical circuit, with parallel negative feedback, based on the Miller theorem, where the op-amp differential input impedance is apparently decreased to zero Zeroed impedance uses an inverting (usually op-amp) amplifier with enormously high gain A v → ∞ {\displaystyle A_{v}\to \infty } .
The point on the graph of the characteristic curve representing the bias current and voltage is called the quiescent point (Q point). In the above circuits the AC signal is small compared to the bias, representing a small perturbation of the DC voltage or current in the circuit about the Q point.
For a current buffer, if the current is transferred unchanged (the current gain β i is 1), the amplifier is again a unity gain buffer; this time known as a current follower because the output current follows or tracks the input current. As an example, consider a Norton source (current I A, parallel resistance R A) driving a resistor load R L.
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In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a single resistor in parallel.