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An isolated pawn on the d-file is called an isolated queen pawn or simply an isolani. [2] In addition to the open or half-open c- and e-files, the isolated queen pawn can provide good outposts on the c- and e-file squares diagonally forward of the pawn, which are especially favourable for the player's knights.
Themes for White: d6 weakness, c4–c5 push, a3–f8 diagonal, queenside pawn storm. Themes for Black: d4 weakness, a1–h8 diagonal, f4-square, kingside attack, trading pieces for a superior endgame. The Rauzer formation is named after Rauzer who introduced it in the Ruy Lopez. It can also rarely occur in the Ruy Lopez with colors reversed.
Pawns can become doubled only when one pawn captures onto a file on which another friendly pawn resides. In the diagram, the white pawns on the b-file and e-file are doubled. The pawns on the e-file are doubled and isolated. In most cases, doubled pawns are considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.
An outside passed pawn is a passed pawn that is separated by several files from the rest of the pawns and deflects the opposing king (and sometimes other pieces) from the defense of its other pawns. Such a pawn often constitutes a strong advantage for its owner because the opposing king does not have the range to cover both sides of the board.
A pawn storm, sometimes called a pawn avalanche, [1] is a chess tactic in which several pawns are moved in rapid succession toward the opponent's defenses. [2] A pawn storm usually involves adjacent pawns on the flank of the board, such as the queenside (a-, b-, and c- files ) or the kingside (f-, g-, and h-files).
A Poisoned Pawn Variation also exists in the French Defence, Winawer: 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3 Ne7 7.Qg4 Qc7 8.Qxg7 Rg8 9.Qxh7 cxd4 10.Ne2 Nbc6 (or 10.Kd1 Nd7). Like the Poisoned Pawn Variation in the Sicilian Najdorf , this line gives significant weaknesses for both sides and can lead to highly complex lines.
While Black's position is cramped, it is also relatively free of weaknesses. There is no obvious way for White to attack Black's pawn structure, but as outlined above, Black has several methods at their disposal for creating counterplay. Thus the Hedgehog has retained its popularity as a system of development in modern praxis.
A pawn is referred to by the file on which it stands: a rook pawn is on the a- or h-file, a knight pawn is on the b- or g-file, a bishop pawn is on the c- or f-file. A central pawn is a queen pawn or a king pawn, on the d- or e-file. When designating a position as a win or a draw, optimal play by both sides is assumed.