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Protein S deficiency is a disorder associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis. [1] Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent physiological anticoagulant, acts as a nonenzymatic cofactor to activate protein C in the degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa.
Protein C is vitamin K-dependent. Patients with Protein C deficiency are at an increased risk of developing skin necrosis while on warfarin. Protein C has a short half life (8 hour) compared with other vitamin K-dependent factors and therefore is rapidly depleted with warfarin initiation, resulting in a transient hypercoagulable state.
Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, [5]: 6822 [6] is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme.The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.
There have also been cases in patients with other deficiency, including protein S deficiency, [6] [7] activated protein C resistance (Factor V Leiden) [8] and antithrombin III deficiency. [ 9 ] Although the above hypothesis is the most commonly accepted, others believe that it is a hypersensitivity reaction or a direct toxic effect.
Protein C deficiency, too, is present in 0.2% of the population, and can be found in 2.5–6% of people with thrombosis. The exact prevalence of protein S deficiency in the population is unknown; it is found 1.3–5% of people with thrombosis. [14] The minor ("type 2") thrombophilias are much more common.
It’s generally considered to be about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, or 0.36 grams of protein per pound, but newer research suggests you may need closer to around 1 gram per ...
However, people with homozygous factor V Leiden, and people with heterozygous factor V Leiden who have an additional thrombophilic condition (e.g., antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, or protein S deficiency), should be considered for lifelong oral anticoagulation therapy. [17]
“B12 deficiency is also more common in people with Alzheimer’s disease, so you may have two things going on,” Kaiser says. As a result, doctors will usually recommend taking a vitamin B12 ...